Any act or omission contrary to Union law protecting the interest of individuals:
- (a) which has harmed or is likely to harm the collective interests of individuals residing in at least two Member States other than the Member State in which:
- (i) the act or omission originated or took place
- (ii) the provider concerned, or, where applicable, its authorised representative is located or established
- (iii) the deployer is established, when the infringement is committed by the deployer
- (b) which has caused or is likely to cause harm to the collective interests of individuals and which has common features, including the same unlawful practice or infringement of the same interest, and is occurring concurrently, in at least two Member States
Defined in / by
Last updated: 22 August 2026.